4^th World Congress on Eye and Vision November 11-12, 2020 Dubai, UAE

The cornea is the transparent tissue at the front and center of the eye. Its transparency allows light to pass into the eye, through the pupil, lens, and onto the retina at the rear part of the eye. The three major corneal layers are the outer layer of the cornea or epithelial layer, the middle layer termed the stroma, and finally a single layer of cells called the endothelium. The curvature of the cornea plays a major role in focusing (refracting or bending) light. The normal cornea is smooth, clear, and tough. It helps to protect the eye from infection and foreign material. Various corneal diseases are:

A cataract is a dense, cloudy area forms in the lens of the eye. Cataracts are very common as you become aged. At first, you may realize that you have a cataract. But as time progresses, cataracts can make your vision blurry, hazy, or less colorful. You may have trouble reading or doing other everyday activities. The good news is that surgery can cure cataracts. Cataract surgery is safe and cures vision problems caused by cataracts.

Pediatric ophthalmology is a subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with treating eye diseases, visual development, and vision care in children.

Eye muscle surgery is a medical procedure that repairs a muscle imbalance in the eyes. The muscle imbalance makes the eyes to cross inward or outward. This condition is known as strabismus. People with strabismus   eyes   don’t line up properly. As a result, they look in different directions. It’s necessary to treat strabismus as early as possible to avoid  vision problems. In fact, vision loss could become a permanent disability if treatment isn’t received quickly.

Oculoplastic surgery deals with a wide variety of surgical methods that deal with the eye socket, eyelids, tear ducts, and the face. It is also associated with the reconstruction of the eye and related structures.

Neuro-ophthalmology is the ophthalmic subcategory that deals with eye diseases and problems caused by different neurological conditions including various optic nerve disorders. This highly specialized and challenging sub-specialty is a comprehensive combination of different primary specialties like Neurology, Neuro-surgery and Radiology with ophthalmology its parent specialty. The Neuro-ophthalmology department deals enormous number of patients with a wide range of symptoms including vision loss, double vision, drooping of eyes, visual field defects, headache, eyelid and facial disorders every day. It also examins and treats patients with ophthalmic symptom of various neurological diseases.

Hyperopia is a refractive error, which means that the eye does not bend or deflect light properly to a single focus to see images apparently. In hyperopia, distant objects can be seen with little clarity, but close objects appear dimmer. People feel hyperopia differently. Some people may not notice any problems with their vision, especially when they are at a younger age. For people who are suffering from significant hyperopia, vision will be blurry for objects at any distance, near or far.it is eye focusing disability not any disease.

The retina is a thin lining on the rear side of the eye which is made up of cells that collect images and pass them on to the brain. Retinal disorders block this transfer. Retinal diseases vary widely, but most of them prone to visual symptoms. Retinal diseases can affect any part of the retina.

Orthokeratology is the method where it uses specially designed and fitted contact lenses to temporarily reshape the cornea for the enhancement of vision. It’s like orthodontics for eyes and the treatment is usually compared to dental braces. Most ortho-k lenses are worn at night to reshape the front surface of the eye while sleeping. Vision improvements are reversible but can be maintained if you keep wearing the lenses as suggested.

Astigmatism is a typical vision condition that causes blurred vision. It occurs when the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is unevenly shaped or sometimes because of the curvature of the lens inside the eye. An unevenly shaped cornea or lens prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the rear portion of the eye. due to this vision becomes blurred at any distance. This can lead to eye discomfort and headaches

The health of the front surface of the eye and for maintaining a clear vision. Dry eye is a prevalent and often chronic problem, particularly in older adults. Dry eye syndrome also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a condition in which a person doesn't have enough quality tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. Tears are required for protecting

 Presbyopia occurs when your eyes gradually lose the ability to see things clearly up close. It is a normal phenomenon of aging You may start to notice presbyopia shortly after age 40. You may find that you hold reading materials farther away in order to see them clearly.

Amblyopia, also called “lazy eye,” is the most normally occuring vision impairment in children. Amblyopia is the medical term used for representation when the vision in one of the eyes is reduced because the eye and the brain are not working together properly. The eye itself looks normal, but it will not be used normally because the brain is supporting the other eye. this will lead to amblyopia include strabismus, an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes; more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely other eye conditions such as cataract. Unless it is successfully treated in early childhood amblyopia usually persists into adulthood, and is the most common cause of permanent one-eye vision impairment among children and young and middle-aged adults.

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes. People with diabetes can have an eye disease called diabetic retinopathy. It is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. It is characterized by continuous damage to the blood vessels of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the rear portion of the eye that is necessary for good vision.

Diagnostic and therapeutic equipment will help to diagnose the diseases and to treat them. Ophthalmic instruments are prototyped to protect eye from damages, injuries. advanced optometric practices use cutting-edge techniques,for providing the best quality service and customer satisfaction.

Myopia also called nearsightedness is a refractive error. Refractive error is when the eye does not refract light properly. Light does not focus correctly so images are not clear. people with myopia cannot see close objects clearly but distant objects appear blurred. Myopia is a common condition that is an eye focusing disorder, not an eye disease.

Visual Neuroscience is a part of neuroscience that focuses on the visual system of the human body, mainly located in the brain's visual cortex. The main features of visual neuroscience would include the working of brain mechanisms that decodes information about the color, motion, depth, form of visual objects and scenes and the other feature is decoding the information to experience perceptual and visually guided action. This is one of the important fields in ophthalmology which could reveal the reason for many eye disorders.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition where the pressure inside the head rises, causing vision problems, headaches and other symptoms. This will happen when fluid from the brain (called cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) does not flow out of the head as it should. When pressure around the brain is very high it can put pressure on the optic nerve causes it to swell. This will eventually damage the optic nerve, often causing vision loss.  High pressure can also damage the nerves that move the eyes, causing double vision.

Optometry is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease Clinical Optometry focuses on the diagnosis, treatments and the postoperative care protocols.

Veterinary ophthalmology is the sub specialty of veterinary medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye issues in animals. This contains inherited eye diseases, eye cancers, and gene abnormalities of the eye that will lead to blindness.  Veterinary ophthalmologists, or eye doctors, are the experts in vision care and surgical procedures performed on the eye. Their high degree of experience, training, and learning allows them to be very efficient and precise in their field of work.

 Artificial intelligence is more frequently used for screening, diagnosing and helping treat eye conditions. The technology already is being used in online search engines, speech recognition tools and other smart devices. Now, AI is showing promise in healthcare.it is being utilized in Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy, Recognizing Macular Degeneration, etc.