Track 1: Neuro-Ophthalmology

Neuro-ophthalmology is the ophthalmic subcategory that deals with eye diseases and problems caused by different neurological conditions including various optic nerve disorders. This highly specialized and challenging sub-specialty is a comprehensive combination of different primary specialties like Neurology, Neuro-surgery and Radiology with ophthalmology its parent specialty. The Neuro-ophthalmology department deals enormous number of patients with a wide range of symptoms including vision loss, double vision, drooping of eyes, visual field defects, headache, eyelid and facial disorders every day. It also examins and treats patients with ophthalmic symptom of various neurological diseases.

Track 2: Glaucoma

Glaucoma is one the disease in eye diseases that can lead to vision loss and blindness by damaging a nerve in the rear side of the eye called the optic nerve. The symptoms can begin slowly that you may not notice them. The only way to identify if you have glaucoma is to get a complete dilated eye exam. There’s no cure for glaucoma, but early treatment can prevent the damage and protect your vision.

·        Primary open-angle glaucoma

·        Angle-closure glaucoma

Track 3: Cornea

The cornea is the transparent tissue at the front and center of the eye. Its transparency allows light to pass into the eye, through the pupil, lens, and onto the retina at the rear part of the eye. The three major corneal layers are the outer layer of the cornea or epithelial layer, the middle layer termed the stroma, and finally a single layer of cells called the endothelium. The curvature of the cornea plays a major role in focusing (refracting or bending) light. The normal cornea is smooth, clear, and tough. It helps to protect the eye from infection and foreign material. Various corneal diseases are:

·        Keratoconus

·        Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy

·        bullous keratopathy

Track 4: Cataract

A cataract is a dense, cloudy area forms in the lens of the eye. Cataracts are very common as you become aged. At first, you may realize that you have a cataract. But as time progresses, cataracts can make your vision blurry, hazy, or less colorful. You may have trouble reading or doing other everyday activities. The good news is that surgery can cure cataracts. Cataract surgery is safe and cures vision problems caused by cataracts.

·        Phacoemulsification

·        Extracapsular cataract surgery

·        Intracapsular cataract surgery

Track 5: Pediatric Ophthalmology

Pediatric ophthalmology is a subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with treating eye diseases, visual development, and vision care in children.

Track 6: Eye Muscle Surgery

Eye muscle surgery is a medical procedure that repairs a muscle imbalance in the eyes. The muscle imbalance makes the eyes to cross inward or outward. This condition is known as strabismus. People with strabismus   eyes   don’t line up properly. As a result, they look in different directions. It’s necessary to treat strabismus as early as possible to avoid  vision problems. In fact, vision loss could become a permanent disability if treatment isn’t received quickly.

·        Esotropias

·        Exotropias

·        Hypertropias And Hypotropias

·        Paralytic Strabismus

Track 7: Oculoplastic Surgery

Oculoplastic surgery deals with a wide variety of surgical methods that deal with the eye socket, eyelids, tear ducts, and the face. It is also associated with the reconstruction of the eye and related structures.

·        Eyelid surgery

·        Tear duct surgery

·        Orbital surgery

Track 8: Hyperopia

Hyperopia is a refractive error, which means that the eye does not bend or deflect light properly to a single focus to see images apparently. In hyperopia, distant objects can be seen with little clarity, but close objects appear dimmer. People feel hyperopia differently. Some people may not notice any problems with their vision, especially when they are at a younger age. For people who are suffering from significant hyperopia, vision will be blurry for objects at any distance, near or far.it is eye focusing disability not any disease.

·        congenital hypermetropia,

·        simple hypermetropia

·        acquired hypermetropia

Track 9: Retina and Retinal Diseases

The retina is a thin lining on the rear side of the eye which is made up of cells that collect images and pass them on to the brain. Retinal disorders block this transfer. Retinal diseases vary widely, but most of them prone to visual symptoms. Retinal diseases can affect any part of the retina.

·        Retinal tear.                          

·        Retinal detachment

·        Diabetic retinopathy

·        Epiretinal membrane

·        Macular degeneration

·        Macular hole

·         Retinitis pigmentosa.

Track 10: Orthokeratology

Orthokeratology is the method where it uses specially designed and fitted contact lenses to temporarily reshape the cornea for the enhancement of vision. It’s like orthodontics for eyes and the treatment is usually compared to dental braces. Most ortho-k lenses are worn at night to reshape the front surface of the eye while sleeping. Vision improvements are reversible but can be maintained if you keep wearing the lenses as suggested.

Track 11: Astigmatism

Astigmatism is a typical vision condition that causes blurred vision. It occurs when the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is unevenly shaped or sometimes because of the curvature of the lens inside the eye. An unevenly shaped cornea or lens prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the rear portion of the eye. due to this vision becomes blurred at any distance. This can lead to eye discomfort and headaches.

·        myopic astigmatism

·        hyperopic astigmatism

·        mixed astigmatism

Track 12: Dry Eye

The  health of the front surface of the eye and for maintaining a clear vision. Dry eye is a prevalent and often chronic problem, particularly in older adults. Dry eye syndrome also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a condition in which a person doesn't have enough quality tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. Tears are required for protecting

Track 13: Prysbyopia

Presbyopia occurs when your eyes gradually lose the ability to see things clearly up close. It is a normal phenomenon of aging You may start to notice presbyopia shortly after age 40. You may find that you hold reading materials farther away in order to see them clearly.

·        Incipient presbyopia

·        Functional presbyopia

·        Absolute presbyopia

·        Premature presbyopia

·        Nocturnal presbyopia 

Track 14: Amblyopia

Amblyopia, also called “lazy eye,” is the most normally occuring vision impairment in children. Amblyopia is the medical term used for representation when the vision in one of the eyes is reduced because the eye and the brain are not working together properly. The eye itself looks normal, but it will not be used normally because the brain is supporting the other eye. this will lead to amblyopia include strabismus, an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes; more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely other eye conditions such as cataract. Unless it is successfully treated in early childhood amblyopia usually persists into adulthood, and is the most common cause of permanent one-eye vision impairment among children and young and middle-aged adults.

·        Refractive Amblyopia

·        Strabismic Amblyopia

·        Deprivation Amblyopia

·        Reverse Amblyopia

Track 15: Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes. People with diabetes can have an eye disease called diabetic retinopathy. It is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. It is characterized by continuous damage to the blood vessels of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the rear portion of the eye that is necessary for good vision.

·        Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

·        Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Track 16: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipment

Diagnostic and therapeutic equipment will help to diagnose the diseases and to treat them. Ophthalmic instruments are prototyped to protect eye from damages, injuries. advanced optometric practices use cutting-edge techniques,for providing the best quality service and customer satisfaction.

·        Phoropter

·        Ophthalmoscope

·        Ophthalmic Refraction Unit

·        Keratometer

·        A-Scan Biometer

·        Computed Tomography

·        Electrophysiology

·        Colour Fundus Photography

·        Slit lamp Bio microscopy

·        Angiography and its application

·        Optical Coherence Tomography

·        Operating Room Photography

·        Imaging through Ocular and Orbital Echography

Track 17: Myopia

Myopia also called nearsightedness is a refractive error. Refractive error is when the eye does not refract light properly. Light does not focus correctly so images are not clear. people with myopia cannot see close objects clearly but distant objects appear blurred. Myopia is a common condition that is an eye focusing disorder, not an eye disease.

·        High myopia

·         Degenerative myopia

Track 18: Visual Neuroscience

Visual Neuroscience is a part of neuroscience that focuses on the visual system of the human body, mainly located in the brain's visual cortex. The main features of visual neuroscience would include the working of brain mechanisms that decodes information about the color, motion, depth, form of visual objects and scenes and the other feature is decoding the information to experience perceptual and visually guided action. This is one of the important fields in ophthalmology which could reveal the reason for many eye disorders.

Track 19: Idiopathic intracranial Hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition where the pressure inside the head rises, causing vision problems, headaches and other symptoms. This will happen when fluid from the brain (called cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) does not flow out of the head as it should. When pressure around the brain is very high it can put pressure on the optic nerve causes it to swell. This will eventually damage the optic nerve, often causing vision loss.  High pressure can also damage the nerves that move the eyes, causing double vision.

Track 20: Clinical Optometry

Optometry is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease Clinical Optometry focuses on the diagnosis, treatments and the postoperative care protocols.

·        Dry AMD

·        Episclera and Lens

·        Drug Induced Disorders

·        Ocular and Imaging Techniques

·        Dry Eye and Blepharitis

·        Epithelial Keratitis & drug induced epithelial keratitis

·        Recurrent Corneal Erosion

Track 21: Veterinary Ophthalmology

Veterinary ophthalmology is the sub specialty of veterinary medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye issues in animals. This contains inherited eye diseases, eye cancers, and gene abnormalities of the eye that will lead to blindness.  Veterinary ophthalmologists, or eye doctors, are the experts in vision care and surgical procedures performed on the eye. Their high degree of experience, training, and learning allows them to be very efficient and precise in their field of work.

Track 22: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is more frequently used for screening, diagnosing and helping treat eye conditions. The technology already is being used in online search engines, speech recognition tools and other smart devices. Now, AI is showing promise in healthcare.it is being utilized in Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy, Recognizing Macular Degeneration, etc.

The ophthalmology market is prospering globally due to an increasingly aging population and its subsequent impact on the eye care industry. Due to the increasing number of individuals suffering from eye disorders, there will be an escalation in demand for surgical, diagnostic, and vision care devices. This is the important factor that will propel the growth of the global ophthalmology devices market, which has expected to grow USD 17.6 billion between 2018-2022.

moreover, an increasing number of partnerships, a growing focus on promotional sales, and the increasing number of strategic M&A are the major trends expected to gain traction over the next few years. The high growth potential of this market is encouraging a large number of enterprises to increase their product range and expand its market presence by merging or acquiring other companies. In the past few years, the ophthalmic equipment market has witnessed a number of acquisitions since the presence of several large and small vendors have intensified the level of competition.

Revenue in the eyewear market of europe amounts to US$40,197m in 2019. The market is expected to rise annually by 1.4% (CAGR 2019-2023).when globally compared, most revenue is generated in United States (US$32,288m in 2019).according to total population figures, per person revenues of US$47.39 are generated in 2019.Spectacle Lenses, Sunglasses, Eyewear Frames, Contact Lenses.

Top Global Universities:

 America:

 Bascom Palmer Eye Institute/University of Miami, USA

Wills Eye Institute/Thomas Jefferson University of Philadelphia, USA

Wilmer Eye Institute/Johns Hopkins University of Maryland, USA

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Harvard University of Massachusetts, USA

University of Iowa , USA

Duke University Eye Center in North Carolina, USA

W.K. Kellogg Eye Center/University of Michigan, USA

UCSF Medical Center University of California, USA

Mayo Clinic University of Minnesota, USA

Europe:

 University of Aston, UK

University of Bradford, UK

University of Hertfordshire, UK

University of Manchester, UK

University of Plymouth in, UK

Czech Technical University of Prague, Czechia

Masaryk University of Brno, Czechia

Institute des Sciences de la Vision, France

Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria

Bangor University in Wales, UK

Asia-Pacific:

 Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia 

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China

Bharathiar University, India

Bharati Vidyapeeth University, India

Bharatimaiya College of Optometry, India

National University of Singapore, Singapore

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

University of Tokyo, Japan

Tsinghua University, China

Peking University, China

Kyoto University, Japan

Middle East:

Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland

Sackler Faculty of Medicine tel aviv University in Israel

Bena ophthalmology University, San Antonio

City University College of Ajman, United Arab Emirates

University of Glasgow, Ireland

MBChB, University of Glasgow, UK

Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland

University of Florence, Italy

Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Hadassah College, Israel

Global Association Center:

 America:

American Academy of Ophthalmology in California, USA

American Glaucoma Society in California, USA

American Ophthalmological Society in California, USA

American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Minneapolis, USA

American Society of Retina Specialists in Chicago, USA

International Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Council International Perimetric Society in San Francisco, USA

International Society for Genetic Eye Diseases and Retinoblastoma in San Francisco, USA

Europe:

 European Association for the Study of Diabetic Eye Complications, UK

European Association for Vision and Eye Research, Belgium

European Board of Ophthalmology, UK

European Contact Lens Society of Ophthalmologists, France

European Eye Bank Association, Netherlands, UK

International Society of Ocular Trauma, France

European Ophthalmic Pathology Society, UK

European Society of Cornea & Ocular Surface Disease Specialists, Ireland

European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Germany

Asia-Pacific:

 Asia Cornea Society, Japan

Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, Singapore

Asia Pacific Association of Cataract Refractive Surgeons , Singapore

Asia Pacific Glaucoma Society, Malaysia

Asia Pacific Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, China

Asia Pacific Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Society, China

Asia Pacific Vitreoretina Society in Shanghai, China

Asian Angle Closure Glaucoma Club, Mongolia

Middle East:

 Basir Eye Research Center, Iran

Farabi Eye Hospital, Iran

Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Iraq

Laser Eye Care And Research Center, Dhabi

Jordan German Eye Center in Amman, Jordan

Kuwait Specialized Eye Center, Kuwait

Al Rowad Eyes Hospital, Iraq